2. ISA-88/95 models: a language for traceability

This study is based on the convergence model of the ISA-88/95/106 standards of article TR105 (ISA-106 has been ignored as irrelevant here).

In line with the preliminary hypotheses on traceability in charge of product history, we are interested here in the potential dimension of product-related information, and therefore in the spatial vision of static observation of the product and installations.

The three elementary entities of this higher-level ontology – Energy, Matter and Information – are broken down into two basic concepts – Resources and Processes – consistent with the models defined in the ISA-88 and ISA-95 standards. The only exception concerns the "process segment" of ISA-95, which is considered a resource because it groups together other resources, whereas it is in fact a process due to its purpose. For this reason, the process...