9. Conclusion

When it comes to domestic wastewater treatment, it's now undeniably clear that there are technical alternatives to the all-collective model. These alternatives offer a number of additional advantages. They are likely to reduce the risk of contamination of watercourses and groundwater thanks to treatment closer to the points of pollution. What's more, decentralized and individual wastewater treatment solutions are more resilient in the face of climatic upheavals and extreme events, because they are less dependent on collection and transport infrastructures.

The "all-collective" model is no longer the only solution for domestic wastewater treatment. Alternative technical solutions offer economic, environmental and resilience advantages that make them increasingly attractive options for local communities and responsible authorities. These alternatives are proving to...