4. Energy flows

4.1 Production solutions

The means of production are sized according to electrical power requirements (and energy requirements for certain systems such as storage systems), which must be assessed based on prior knowledge or more or less detailed modeling of usage, losses, and flexibility levers, if any. The basic operating principle remains the same as for large networks. At all times, production must equal consumption (plus losses), otherwise the network's characteristic parameters (mainly frequency and voltage) will vary to an extent that is unacceptable for the equipment and protective devices. Without directly addressing this transitional issue, this section discusses production solutions, assuming that the capacity sizing and operational management tools for the newly created...