3. Thermal runaway – Mechanisms, thresholds, and propagation

3.1 Starting a cell

Thermal runaway is defined as an irreversible thermal runaway resulting from a succession of exothermic reactions when the cell exceeds its thermal or electrical safety window

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Thermal runaway – Mechanisms, thresholds, and propagation

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Bibliography

(1) - ANDERSON (J.), WILLSTRAND (O.), TEMPLE (A.) - Design rules for battery fire safety in dwellings. - RISE Report, ISBN: 978-91-90036-01-3 (2025).
(2) - ANDERSSON (P.), BLOMQVIST (P.), LORÉN (A.), LARSSON (F.) - Investigation of fire emissions from...

Standards

Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems. - UL 9540A - 2022
Secondary lithium batteries for stationary applications – General safety requirements. - IEC 63056 - 2020
Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary cells and for batteries made from them. - IEC 62133-2 - 2017
Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial...

Regulations

Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 of the European Parliament and of the Council of July 12, 2023 on batteries and waste batteries and repealing Directive 2006/66/EC.

UN 38.3 United Nations, Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods – Manual of Tests and Criteria, 2021.

UNECE R100, Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to specific requirements...