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Article | REF: E320 V2

Low frequency voltage amplifier with low input amplitudes

Authors: Farouk VALLETTE, Geoffroy KLISNICK, Sylvain FERUGLIO

Publication date: November 10, 2025 | Lire en français

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    Overview

    ABSTRACT

    Voltage amplification is essential when they are barely perceptible. The most popular electronic voltage amplification circuits are made using operational amplifier (op-amp). This article addresses the basic concepts of voltage amplification and the operation of the op-amp, of which an idealized model is introduced. It presents the characteristics of elementary voltage amplification circuits and emphasizes the issues of choice of power supply, behavior depending on frequency and noise.  It also shows that depending on the desired degree of precision, it is necessary to consider some imperfections of the op-amp.

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    AUTHORS

    • Farouk VALLETTE: Professor and researcher - Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR7606, Paris 6 Computer Science Laboratory (LIP6), Paris, France

    • Geoffroy KLISNICK: Professor and researcher - Sorbonne University, CNRS, UMR8507, Paris Electrical Engineering and Electronics Laboratory (GeePs), Paris, France

    • Sylvain FERUGLIO: Professor and researcher - Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR7606, Paris 6 Computer Science Laboratory (LIP6), Paris, France

     INTRODUCTION

    The amplification of an electrical signal is an essential step in analog electronics, particularly for the recovery and processing of information from a sensor, antenna, or, more generally, a transducer. Without this function, variations in the observed signal (and therefore in the physical quantity) will not necessarily be perceptible, particularly due to the low amplitude at the sensor output, which makes subsequent processing impossible, but also due to the inevitable presence of intrinsic noise and parasitic signals.

    In this article, we focus on amplifying low-amplitude voltages at low frequencies (LF) using operational amplifiers (OPAs). Our analysis is based on relatively accessible methods related to circuit theory (node law, mesh law, Ohm's law, etc.). Transistor-based amplification could have been discussed. However, this would have significantly increased the length of the document, making it difficult to read and the knowledge complex to acquire. However, some answers can be found at [E 2 427] and [E 2 430] . The study of amplifiers operating at high frequencies (HF) is based on more specific analysis methods, which no longer deal with voltage or current, and is not the subject of this article. If necessary, you can refer to the articles [R 310] , [E 1 428] , [E 1 610] , and

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    KEYWORDS

    voltage amplification   |   operational amplifier (op-amp)   |   low frequency   |   low noise

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