Applications

Blockchain. Basics. Bitcoin. Ethereum

Figure 1 - Peer-to-peer electronic payment system: the transaction between A and B passes through all the nodes.

Figure 2 - Peer-to-peer electronic payment processes and steps (source: based on [10])

Figure 3 - The transaction [11]

Figure 4 - UXTO model

Figure 6 - Example of a transaction displayed by an explorer [16].

Figure 7 - Examples of the hash function [18].

Figure 8 - The private key generates the public key that will provide the Bitcoin address[20].

Figure 9 - Transaction authentication and integrity verification [21].

Figure 10 - Block concatenation – The header of a block uses the hash of the header of the previous block.

Figure 11 - Merkle tree (after [24])

Figure 12 - Bitcoin block header description[26]

Figure 13 - Ethereum transaction  – The state certifies the accounts at a given moment, and the transaction causes the Ethereum register to go from state (n) to (n &#43; 1).

Figure 14 - The two types of account: external holder account and contract account [32].

Figure 15 - Triggering the execution of a smart contract by an external user

Figure 16 - Main fields of the Ethereum block header and the three Merkle trees

Figure 17 - Use cases cover a wide range of fields – See text details [40]