GEOLIDAR for the study of surfaces, the biosphere and the hydrosphere

Figure 1 - Airborne lidar applications for surface studies: lithosphere and anthroposphere, biosphere, hydrosphere

Figure 2 - Matching scattering targets, light-matter interaction processes and applications to the biosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere

Figure 3 - Architecture of a lidar instrument and principle of distance measurement (Rc) on a diffuse hard target

Figure 4 - Reflections and scattering indicators for incident laser beams on hard targets

Figure 5 - Geometry of the interaction of a laser pulse of duration t&lt; with a diffuse surface target

Figure 6 - Sequence showing the elongation of a laser pulse due to diffuse reflection on a horizontal target at nadir (figure 5a) for an angle of incidence of beta

Figure 7 - Examples of target albedo (reflectance) as a function of wavelength (nm) for natural targets: dry and wet soils, and dry and wet leaves

Figure 8 - Airborne topographic Lidar: measurement errors on various parameters

Figure 9 - Airborne topographic lidar: sampling of the underlying terrain by a zigzag trace determined by aircraft movement and a transverse scan of the line of sight.

Figure 10 - Airborne topographic Lidar: swath calculation (a) and errors due to aircraft roll (b)

Figure 12 - Lidar canopy: foliage volume targets

Figure 13 - Absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of chlorophyll-a (the most abundant form)

Figure 15 - Attenuation coefficient of water as a function of wavelength between 300 and 700 nm

Figure 16 - Principle of bathymetric lidar measurement of water level (h) on board a boat

Figure 17 - Lidar bathymetry: measuring the height of a body of water

Figure 18 - Airborne bathymetric lidar: measurement principle for nadir aiming (a), distance-time diagram (b) and lidar signal received as a function of time (c)

Figure 19 - Airborne bathymetric Lidar using vibrational Raman scattering