2. What does kidney damage mean?

2.1 Renal toxicity

Renal toxicity affects all kidney tissues.

Glomerular damage (glomerular nephropathy or glomerulopathy) involves damage to epithelial cells, as well as changes in the size and number of capillary pores. The essential sign is the presence of protein and blood in the urine.

Tubular damage (tubulopathy) results in damage to the epithelial cells (tubular necrosis), which release cellular waste products into the urine. Blood urea and creatinine levels rise sharply, and anuria (cessation of urine secretion) is often observed.

• The proximal tube is often the first target of tubular damage.

• The loop of Henlé is the target of diuretics and fluorinated...