Criminal liability under ordinary law

The legislator's intention was to punish inadmissible behavior even though no damage was caused. Article 223-1 of the French Penal Code stipulates that "the act of directly exposing another person to an immediate risk of death or injury likely to result in permanent mutilation or infirmity, through the manifestly deliberate violation of a particular obligation of safety or caution imposed by law or regulation, is punishable by one year's imprisonment and a fine of 15,000 francs".

This offence is targeted by plaintiffs suffering...