9. Conclusions

The widespread deployment of lithium-ion batteries in the mobility, stationary storage, and domestic sectors is a major driver of the energy transition. However, this development comes with specific risks linked to the very nature of these systems: high energy density, flammable organic electrolytes, and sensitivity to thermal, electrical, or mechanical abuse. Thermal runaway remains the central scenario, with consequences that can go far beyond the initial fire: rapid propagation within the modules, release of toxic (HF, POF ₃ ) and flammable gases, risk of delayed explosion, and contamination of extinguishing water.

Lessons learned from experimental studies and feedback show that controlling this risk cannot rely on a single approach. It must combine:

• an inherently robust design, including...