3. Thermophysical properties of nanofluids

3.1 Thermal conductivity

Numerous studies have been carried out to measure, explain and predict the increase in thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Various methods of measuring thermal conductivity have been employed, the most common of which is the transient hot-wire method. However, given the dispersion of results, experimental biases have been suspected and other measurement methods have been used, such as the 3ω method [14] , stationary methods using a temperature difference between two plates or two cylinders, and optical methods based on the variation of refractive index as a function of temperature [6] .

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