2. Assess the energy costs of these processes

2.1 Take into account the efficiency and energy performance of basic processes

The main challenge lies in the low overall efficiency of the production line.

• Electrolysis: 65–80% efficiency.

• Synthesis of synthetic fuel: 45–60% yield.

Due to the low efficiency of the synthesis and electrolysis processes, the overall "well-to-wheel" efficiency is expected to be low, ranging from 15% to 25%.

In conclusion, the production of synthetic fuel requires enormous amounts of renewable electricity. For example, producing one liter of e-fuel requires approximately 25–30 kWh of electricity.