Overview
ABSTRACT
Although the United-States GPS has been declared fully operational almost twenty years ago, it is no longer alone: the Russian constellation Glonass is operational, the deployment of Beidou (China) is very fast and Galileo (the European constellation) is also in the terminal availability phase. This paper gives the state of the art of these constellations and highlights the major differences and possible convergence aspects. In addition, potential hybrid approaches are also dealt with.
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Nel SAMAMA : Professor - Navigation Group, Institut Mines-Télécom/Telecom SudParis, Évry, France
INTRODUCTION
Man's exploration of new territories has forced him to locate either his own position or his destination. Initially, only overland travel was concerned. The question mainly concerned the ability to return to one's point of departure. This was achieved by means of specific landmarks, located in the landscape, which the traveler had to memorize. Quite quickly, particularly as it enabled the movement of heavy loads, sea transport became an important mode of transport. The absence of such landmarks (in the general case) created new needs for navigation. So, unless we were to consider only coastal navigation, a positioning technique was needed. Human curiosity being what it is, this was the starting point for the long history of "navigation", which today leads us to global satellite positioning systems, the main subject of this article.
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KEYWORDS
GNSS | GPS | Galileo | Beidou | Glonass
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Strategic, economic and military aspects
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