Ultra high vacuum noble gases extraction methods

Rare gases, also known as noble gases, are chemical elements belonging to group "0" of the periodic table. Under normal conditions of temperature and pressure (273 K, 1 atm), they are monoatomic gases with the respective symbols He (Helium), Ne (Neon), Ar (Argon), Kr (Krypton) and Xe (Xenon). Their saturated outer electron layers, with two electrons for He and eight for Ne-Ar-Kr and Xe, give them a special physical characteristic, namely chemical inertia in relation to other elements, and they are therefore considered excellent geochemical tracers. Each noble gas has several isotopes: 2 for helium ( ³ - ⁴ He); 3 for neon ( ²⁰ - ²¹ - ²² Ne) and argon ( ³⁶ - ³⁸ - ⁴⁰ Ar) ; 6 for krypton ( ⁷⁸ - ⁸⁰ - ⁸² - ⁸³ - ⁸⁴ - ⁸⁶ Kr) and finally 9 for xenon ( ¹²⁴ - ¹²⁶ - ¹²⁸ - ¹²⁹ - ¹³⁰ - ¹³¹ - ¹³² - ¹³⁴ - ¹³⁶ Xe), and their isotopic compositions have been constantly evolving since the Earth's accretion, 4.56 billion years ago, through nuclear reactions, whether radiogenic (radioactivity), nucleogenic (nuclear reactions) or cosmogenic (isotope production through interactions with cosmic radiation). The elemental and isotopic compositions of all the Earth's reservoirs of noble gases (atmosphere, crust and surface and deep mantle) have also changed as a result:

• degassing ;

• to mantle differentiation;

• leakage (helium) into space in the upper atmosphere;

• human activity since the industrial revolution (radiogenic helium entering the atmosphere from fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) and tritiogenic helium from nuclear testing in the atmosphere, which generated ³ He by ³ H decay)....