X-ray medical imaging. 3D image processing

Tomography, or 3D imaging, dates back to the early 1930s, but initially developed very little, as film-based analog techniques lent themselves poorly to its implementation. Things changed considerably in the 1970s with the advent of computer-based CT-Scanners (Computed Tomography Scanners). And for three decades, 3D X-ray imaging was the monopoly of this type of equipment. In the 1990s, with the advent of digital X-ray detectors (image intensifiers coupled to a CCD camera, then flat panel detectors), research teams began to adapt 3D imaging to traditional X-ray equipment, which is why it is discussed here. Given the complexity of tomographic reconstruction techniques, we will only touch on them, even if it means referring the interested reader to an extensive bibliography, alas mainly in English. It should be remembered that by 3D, we mean "volumetric imaging" (in which slices are displayed on a screen) and not "stereoscopic imaging", which gives an impression of relief. Nevertheless, 3D imaging can be used in conjunction with segmentation techniques to render spatial views of specific organs (vascular network, bone structure, etc.). This type of high-level image processing will not be covered.