Ultramicroelectrodes

Voltammetry on solid electrode - Various electrode geometries

Figure 1 - Principle of a thin-film electrochemical cell with a flat disk indicator electrode

Figure 2 - Theoretical thin-film current-potential curve

Figure 3 - Cathodic part of the theoretical intensity-potential curve in the case of a totally irreversible charge transfer reaction for different values of k0(from 2)

Figure 4 - Cathodic part of the theoretical intensity-potential curve in the case of a totally irreversible charge transfer reaction for different values of αnα(from 2)

Figure 5 - Schematic diagram of an optically transparent thin-film electrochemical cell

Figure 6 - Voltammetry and thin-film cell absorption spectrometry (from 5)

Figure 7 - Theoretical cyclic voltammogram obtained at an electrode modified by attachment of a monolayer of electroactive species. Case of a fast charge transfer reaction

Figure 8 - Influence of the interaction parameter g on the shape of cyclic voltammograms (a) and on the peak width at half-height (b) in the case of a modified electrode (from 6)

Figure 9 - Schematic representation of the various phenomena involved in an electrochemical process at an electrode modified with a polymer film containing an electroactive species.

Figure 10 - Electrode modified with a polymer film containing the electroactive Red species (after 6)

Figure 11 - Case of a fast monoelectronic transfer reaction at the electrode/film interface (from 14)

Figure 12 - Case of a quasi-rapid monoelectronic transfer reaction at the electrode/film interface (from 14)

Figure 13 - Cyclic voltammograms of a pyrrole-substituted cobalt porphyrin (after 9)

Figure 14 - Diagram of a graphite paste indicator electrode

Figure 15 - Configurations related to the graphite paste electrode

Figure 16 - Theoretical cyclic voltammogram at a graphite paste electrode containing an electroactive compound X virtually insoluble in the electrolyte binder (from 22)

Figure 17 - Experimental cyclic voltammograms obtained at the graphite paste electrode (binder &#61; H2SO4 2 M) after introduction of increasing amounts of ferrocene (from 17)

Figure 18 - Influence of graphite quantity and potential sweep rate on the cyclic voltammogram trend at a graphite paste electrode (without binder) (from 23)

Figure 19 - Diagram of rotating disc and ring electrode tip

Figure 20 - Voltammograms with a rotating disc and ring electrode

Figure 21 - Behavior of the copper system at a rotating disc and ring electrode (from 25)

Figure 23 - Different ultramicroelectrode geometries

Figure 24 - Ultramicroelectrode construction diagrams

Figure 25 - Gold nanoelectrode (after 33)

Figure 26 - Photograph of a device with two sets of interdigitated microelectrode rows (printed circuit board width: 6 mm)

Figure 27 - Array of microdisks, each 100 μm in diameter, prepared by photolithography

Figure 28 - Diffusion flow direction at an ultramicroelectrode

Figure 29 - Cyclic voltammetry of a solution of dopamine (4 · 105 M) at a carbon disk-plate microelectrode (diameter 7 µm) in phosphate buffer solution (from 35)

Figure 30 - Voltammetry with an ultramicroelectrode in a low-conductivity environment (from 36)

Figure 31 - Cyclic voltammetry with an ultramicroelectrode at very high potential sweep speeds (after 37)

Figure 32 - Constant pulse derivative voltammetry applied to in vivo experiments (after 38)

Figure 33 - Example of the application of a modified ultramicroelectrode to the determination of NO in biological media (from 40)

Figure 34 - Electrochemical methodology for in vivo detection of electroactive species injected or produced in a mouse tumor (from 41).