Physical and mathematical principles

X-Ray Tomography

Figure 1 - Total cross section of various elements for X-ray photons from 0.1 keV to 1 MeV [9].

Figure 2 - Spectral distribution of X-ray photons emitted by a heavy metal anticathode bombarded by primary electrons at 150 to 300 keV

Figure 3 - Generations of tomographs [13]

Figure 4 - General principle of reconstruction: data collection

Figure 5 - General principle of reconstruction: frequency space [15].

Figure 8 - Construction of an industrial X-ray tomograph (TIX)

Figure 9 - Noise effects due to stray radiation

Figure 10 - Spatial resolution as a function of pixel width and detection efficiency

Figure 11 - Visualization of some artifacts commonly encountered in tomography [51].

Figure 12 - Principle of &#34;microfocus&#34; microtomography [20]

Figure 13 - Principle of synchrotron microtomography [18]

Figure 14 - Phase-contrast tomography performed at ESRF on a carbon foam sample [51].

Figure 15 - Phase contrast tomography performed at CEA Le Ripault on a carbon foam sample using a 60 kV reflection &#34;microfocus&#34; [51].

Figure 17 - X-ray computed tomography visualization using a medical scanner of water absorption in nuclear waste storage clays (doc. CEA, COFREND collaboration).

Figure 18 - Visualization of gas displacement in a water-saturated core (doc. Institut français du pétrole IFP, COFREND collaboration)

Figure 19 - Tomography in the automotive industry (doc. Renault SA, COFREND collaboration)

Figure 20 - Examination of a sintered steel camshaft wheel showing areas of density inhomogeneity quantified following calibration on standard disks (doc. PSA, COFREND collaboration).

Figure 21 - Evidence of a major material shortfall in the core of a ceramic gas turbine wheel (...

Figure 22 - Study of the structuring (stacking) of a three-dimensional composite (doc. CER, COFREND collaboration)

Figure 23 - Heterogeneity of a light biconstituent mixture in an axial section and two thickness sections of a 150 mm diameter disk (doc. CEA, COFREND collaboration)

Figure 24 - Defects on an organic matrix composite part (doc. Hispano Suiza, COFREND collaboration)

Figure 25 - Microtomography of a metal matrix composite part (doc. Tomo Adour, COFREND collaboration)

Figure 26 - Characterization of precision mechanics. Verification of gear positioning (doc. Tomo Adour, COFREND collaboration)

Figure 27 - Contact faults in a 70 mm long electrical connector (doc. Tomo Adour, COFREND collaboration)

Figure 28 - Control of a manufacturing process by tomodensimetric monitoring (doc. Carbone Lorraine, COFREND collaboration)

Figure 29 - Principle of laminography calculated with scattered radiation