Different cell architectures

Hybrid perovskite solar cells

Figure 1 - Perovskite-type crystal structure (case of CH3NH3AX3)

Figure 3 - Energy levels in semiconductors

Figure 4 - Example of a photovoltaic cell&#039;s J-V curve and power output at operating point

Figure 5 - Illustration of J-V curve measurement hysteresis

Figure 6 - How excitonic solar cells work

Figure 7 - (a) Energy diagram of TiO2/MAPbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD cells and (b) TiO2/MAPbBr3/Spiro-OMeTAD cells.

Figure 8 - Evolution of record PSC cell efficiency; values followed by an asterisk were measured in approved laboratories.

Figure 9 - Single-step hybrid perovskite deposition methods: (A) initial method and (B) solvent &#34;wetting&#34; method for improved coverage. (a-c) Stages and mechanism of perovskite layer formation

Figure 10 - (a-c) Schematics showing the hot-casting technique for preparing the perovskite layer, (d) electron microscopy image of a MAPbI grain3–xClx [24]

Figure 11 - Two-step MAPbI3 coating method

Figure 12 - Scanning electron microscopy images of MAPbI3 layers prepared (a) in one step and (b) in two steps[27].

Figure 16 - (a) Direct cell structure, (b) Inverse structure

Figure 17 - (a) Hybrid perovskite cell without MTT layer, (b) variant of (a) with porous ZrO2 layer and porous carbon black back contact [42].

Figure 18 - Variation over time of parameters Jcc, Voc , FF and ...

Figure 19 - (a) Spiro-OMeTAD, (b) PTAA, (c) P3HT and (d) PEDOT:PSS

Figure 20 - (a) Cell with selective organic contacts, (b) cell with NiO MTT (after [65]), (c) energy diagram and band positions for a NiO-based cell.