10. Conclusion

Full oils remain an essential pillar of modern machining processes, combining technical performance with growing health, safety, and environmental requirements. Thanks to their lubricating properties, chemical stability, and the diversity of additives available, they contribute directly to friction control, thermal regulation of the cutting zone, and the final quality of machined parts. The balance between mechanical performance, energy efficiency, and protection of material integrity is therefore at the heart of their industrial effectiveness.

Recent advances in formulation —, particularly with the emergence of gas, ester, and hydrotreated Group II and III oils —, reflect a desire to improve product purity while reducing their environmental impact. The shift toward compositions with low aromatic content, which are easier to filter and more stable to oxidation,...