6. Miniaturization of the MOS transistor and the CMOS technology roadmap

Since the first integrated circuit was manufactured in the 1970s, the microelectronics industry has continuously worked to miniaturize the MOS transistor in order to reduce its manufacturing cost and improve its performance. We have gone from a clock frequency of 108 kHz for the 2,300 transistors in the Intel 4004 microprocessor on a 10 mm ² die in 1971  s at 2.9 GHz for the 1.4 billion transistors on 160 mm ² for the Intel i7 in 2012