Organotin-based antifouling systems

This fouling phenomenon has been widely studied: macromolecules (polysaccharides, proteins, proteoglycans, etc.) present in seawater settle on surfaces, encouraging the establishment of bacteria, microalgae and fungi. These unicellular organisms in turn form a substrate that attracts protozoa, then fixed organisms such as molluscs and macroalgae. The warmer the water, the more rapid the colonization. Submerged parts of ships can quickly (less than 6 months) become covered with fouling, leading to fuel overconsumption (up to 40%) due to increased load and friction forces; this fouling is also responsible for coating corrosion.

The colonization of ship hulls can...