4. Biological groups most affected
Findings from the literature over the last twenty years reinforce the causal link between the use of PPPs and the decades-long decline in terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate and bird populations, particularly in agricultural areas. In these areas, PPPs are also strongly suspected of contributing to the widespread decline in bat and amphibian populations. The consequences of the effects observed for other biological groups (micro-organisms, plants, vertebrates other than those detailed in this section) are less studied or less clearly highlighted in the scientific literature, and will therefore not be addressed here, but are the subject of different sections in the ESCo final report
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Biological groups most affected
Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
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