Conclusion

An analysis of the scientific literature over the last twenty years has shown that all types of environment (terrestrial, continental aquatic, marine, atmospheric) and most of the organisms found in them (biota) are contaminated by PPPs, and that they have direct and indirect effects on biodiversity. In agricultural areas, for example, PPPs are implicated in declining populations of terrestrial invertebrates, aquatic invertebrates and birds, and various ecosystem functions (regulation of nutrient cycles, resistance to disturbance, dispersal of propagules, etc.) are affected. Studies on the impact of PPPs on ecosystem services are rare. However, they do show that, while PPP use is effective in eliminating crop pests to ensure agricultural crop production and thus food security, it negatively affects services essential to this production (pollination, natural pest regulation), ultimately...