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In today's fast-changing world, driven by the explosion in scientific and technological knowledge and the ever-faster evolution of digital tools, intelligence has become an indispensable tool in all business sectors. Its successful implementation requires an appropriate structure, equipped with the most effective Artificial Intelligence (AI) resources and tools, and carried out by qualified “watchers”. This article focuses on the challenges and opportunities of scientific and technological watch (STW) for higher education and research, competitive clusters, companies and local authorities. It also looks at the evolution of the concept of intelligence in the digital age, its different types, sources and tools, and its methodology.
Search engines are part of our daily digital life and are essential hubs for seeking information on the Internet. What are the main ones? How do they work? This article describes the different phases of information processing used by tools such as Google or Bing: web crawling, page indexing, relevancy criteria analysis and use of in page / off page rating and display of the results.
Search engines account for nearly half of the traffic on a website in general. Optimizing site pages is therefore essential to attract quality traffic toward your source of information. This involves several steps: technical (HTML tags), writing (pertinent text, interesting and containing the right keywords) and links (backlinks, providing popularity). This article explains the different relevancy criteria used by Google, Bing and other algorithms, and the best way to implement them in your web pages.
The purpose of this paper is to define the term big data and the technologies and issues associated with it. We begin by characterizing what big data is and describing its uses in various fields. Next, the various solutions for storing big data are presented, from SQL and NoSQL databases to cloud computing. The second part is devoted to the analysis and mining of big data, particularly through the prism of the latest advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence.
The economic importance of artificial intelligence (AI) has increased significantly. This field is related to human activities which are commonly linked to intelligence (perception, decision making, interpreting data, understanding language, etc.) and involves the exploitation of an extensive amount of knowledge. The existing systems are based upon the three main approaches (symbolic, connectionist and statistic). A significant amount of resarch appears to be focused on conceiving knowledge-based systems (KBS) which are able to perform symbolic reasoning. Such systems notably require an appropriate representation mode of useful knowledge as well as efficient systems for the exploitation of such knowledge or reasoning .
While a significant effort is currently being undertaken by Human-Computer Interaction community in order to apply and extend current User Centered Design methodologies, very little has been done to improve the reliability of software offering new interaction techniques. As these kind of interaction techniques are more and more used in the field of command and control safety critical systems, the potential of incident or accidents increases. In addition, at design time, the non-reliability of interactive software can even jeopardize usability evaluation activities by producing unexpected or undesired behaviors. This is critical as this activity is at the center of design processes of usable interactive systems.
Many organisations propose a lot of documents. This production consumes many resources, all along the lifecycle of products or projects. Editing tools are traditional office suites and the methodology is based on copy-paste, exchanges by e-mail and storage on shared drive or document management tool. Despite the low efficiency, searching for alternatives remains unusual. Structured writing offers tools close to CAD or PLM. In both cases, deliverables are assemblies, based on standards or specific components. Those deliverables can also be managed through rules of configuration.
In the context of the rise of big data, Datavisualization constitutes a real tool at the service of human-data mediation. By providing access to data, it is simultaneously a tool for communication, explanation and exploration of data that find applications in many fields of business and science. Likewise, with the Internet, it extends to other sources of information, not or little understood until now (unstructured data, dematerialized content, emails, social networks). The challenge of data visualization is to provide a methodological framework and techniques for rapidly analyzing the growing number of heterogeneous data, with the aim of bringing out new and meaningful knowledge in the context of use.
The principles of digital library system interoperability were initiated by early standardization efforts and harmonization, but with the advent of web technologies, they must now be revisited. Interoperability ensures the industrialization of metadata and widespread copy cataloguing, and allows integration of heterogeneous sources within the informational devices in the digital era. It combines the use of standards, formats and computer protocols to facilitate interaction between informational sources. This article gives a panorama of the different methods used to classify different protocols, and provide an overview of issues related to its implementation.
This article deals with the structuring of XML files, how to produce, use, and to query them through various prisms. After a short historical introduction on the industrial and intellectual causes that led to the rise of XML as a data and information storage format. Then the article introduces to the grammars and vocabularies that allow the structuring and documentary qualification in industry or culture. The article continues by applying the rules of XML in knowledge management and by an incursion into the Web of linked data. Finally, the article presents XML as a structure, a vector for storing and sharing data: it explores the potential of XML as a database, methods for querying, exchanging and flow of data.
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