1. Wine industry effluents

Throughout the various stages of wine production (harvest reception, vinification, racking, filtration, tartaric stabilization, packaging), wastewater (wine effluent) is generated by washing and cleaning equipment and installations (figure 1 ).

Wine-making by-products (pomace and lees) are transformed by wine distilleries into a variety of products: alcohol and brandies, calcium tartrate, colorants (anthocyanin extracts), proanthocyanidols, composts, with the production of wastewater (vinasse from lees, piquettes and wines) (figure 1 ).