13. Diagram determination methods
Several techniques are used to determine equilibrium diagrams.
Thermal analysis, with recording of cooling curves, and the more precise differential thermal analysis are often used to determine transformation point temperatures. As these are very much affected by impurities, by supercooling and, more generally, by the delay in transformations that alloys can present, we generally retain the highest temperature among the results proposed by different authors, or obtained during different tests for the same alloy. This is particularly the case for liquidus temperatures. Historically, thermal analysis was the first method used to determine phase equilibria. In 1829, Rudberg first studied phase equilibria in Pb-Sn alloys in Sweden.
Dilatometry and resistivity measurements can often provide...
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Diagram determination methods
General information on diagram presentation
Diagram classification
In this folder, the diagrams are arranged in alphabetical order of the symbol of the element concerned, which comes first in alphabetical order among the elements making up the alloy; then, for a given element, in alphabetical order of the symbol of the second element.
Example
we find Fe-C to C-Fe.
...
Binary alloys containing Ag
Binary alloys containing Al
Binary alloys containing As
As-Cu (arsenic-copper – figure )
This diagram has recently been completely revised. The relationships between phases and their compositions are now well known; there are apparently no other intermediate phases richer in arsenic than those shown in the diagram.
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Phase structures
(Cu) : c. f. c....
Au-containing binary alloys
Binary alloys containing either B, Be or Bi
Binary alloys containing C
Binary alloys containing either Ca, Cd or Ce
Binary alloys containing Co
Binary alloys containing Cr
Binary alloys containing Cu
Binary alloys containing Fe
Binary alloys containing Li, Mg or Mn
Binary alloys containing either Mo, or N, or Nb, or Ni, or O
Binary alloys containing either Pb, Sb, Sn or Ti
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