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This article presents a brief overview of the current state of knowledge on skid resistance. After presenting the basic concepts related to skid resistance such as the tire/road contact mechanisms, the role of the texture of road surfaces or the characterization methods, the article focuses on the influence of contaminants and road surface wear, and specifically addresses little-studied aspects such as surfaces covered by snow or ice, and wear due to aging of bituminous materials and seasonal variations.
The major challenges of stormwater management are to prevent flooding, control water volumes and protect the quality of receiving environments.This article shows the importance of alternative stormwater management in meeting the challenges of urbanisation and climate change, by incorporating sustainable solutions inspired by natural processes. It also discusses the negative environmental impacts of inadequate management, such as pollution and soil erosion.The article presents strategies such as management at source, green infrastructures and decentralised approaches to improve the resilience of infrastructures to rainfall events.
This article deals with the consideration of accidental actions and situations affecting the supports of bridges crossing inland waterways or maritime waterways and, more generally, fixed obstacles installed in these same lanes.It includes the consideration of forces due to ship or vessel collisions according to the provisions of the Eurocode standard NF EN 1991-1-7 – Accidental actions.
Urban infrastructure management focuses on the construction and maintenance of wastewater and stormwater drainage systems, requiring precise hydraulic and technical designs for different contexts. Different types of network (combined, separate, pseudo-separated) have specific requirements that call for rigorous management.Sustainable development is essential, notably through retention and detour systems such as retention basins and storm overflows to prevent flooding. Faced with the challenges of urbanization and climate change, alternative rainwater management techniques (AWSM) such as permeable surfaces and roof greening reduce the volumes of water to be treated and improve groundwater recharge.
The text provides an overview of the general principles of sanitation. Historically, the disposal of wastewater and run-off has evolved to prevent flooding and health contamination. Sewage systems can be either combined or separate, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Alternative methods, such as local infiltration of rainwater, have been developed since the 1970s for more sustainable and environmentally-friendly management.Domestic and industrial wastewater must be collected and treated to avoid polluting the natural environment. The first rains after a dry period are often highly polluted, and specific treatment and management techniques are required.
This article describes the various treatment processes for domestic wastewater, known as extensive treatment.After a chapter on the mechanisms involved in these processes, the following wastewater treatment techniques are discussed: Infiltration-percolation Filter planted with vertical flow reeds. Filter planted with horizontal flow reeds. Natural lagooning / waste stabilisation pound Aerated lagooning This is followed by a chapter on tertiary treatment. The following techniques are covered: Disinfection by chlorination, ozonation or ultraviolet radiation Advanced chemical oxidants Dephosphatation by chemical precipitation Advanced filtration: slow filtration and screening Membranes Ion exchange units
This article describes in detail the various intensive urban wastewater treatment technologies, ranging from conventional devices to innovative systems such as Membrane Biological Reactor.The principles, design and sizing rules, advantages and limitations of the various techniques are discussed.
The management of urban wastewater sludge, the by-product of urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs), is of critical importance for the environment and public health. This sludge is made up of organic matter, minerals, micro-organisms and a large proportion of water, and requires specific treatment to stabilise and recover it.The usual techniques include anaerobic digestion, composting, thermophilic aerobic stabilisation, drying and incineration, each of which is adapted to the different characteristics of the sludge and must comply with various regulations. Sludge is rich in nutrients, particularly phosphorus - an essential resource, but one that is limited in time.
The flexible and semi-rigid materials used in pavement layers are made from basic constituents which are: aggregates, hydrocarbon binders, hydraulic binders, pozzolanic binders and lime.The aim of this paper is to characterize these materials tobetter respond to the design requirementsof road pavements. Indeed, the layers constituting the roadway must, first, resist the repeated actions of rolling loads, and more particularly heavy weights (surface wear of the wearing layer, formation of ruts by creep of the material, fatigue of the treated layers, etc.). They must, on the other hand, resist climatic stress (rain, frost, thaw, etc.).
This article deals with the design of road pavements. After a brief historical overview of the dimensioning methods practiced in different countries, the article presents the evolution of the dimensioning method in France and the various documents published by the scientific and technical network as well as the different standards.The article highlights the specificities of the design method applied in France and the wealth of solutions in terms of road structures. It also highlights the importance given in France to the quality of support platforms and the role they play in ensuring the durability of roadways, with regard to traffic demands and climatic conditions.
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