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The major challenges of stormwater management are to prevent flooding, control water volumes and protect the quality of receiving environments.This article shows the importance of alternative stormwater management in meeting the challenges of urbanisation and climate change, by incorporating sustainable solutions inspired by natural processes. It also discusses the negative environmental impacts of inadequate management, such as pollution and soil erosion.The article presents strategies such as management at source, green infrastructures and decentralised approaches to improve the resilience of infrastructures to rainfall events.
This article deals with the consideration of accidental actions and situations affecting the supports of bridges crossing inland waterways or maritime waterways and, more generally, fixed obstacles installed in these same lanes.It includes the consideration of forces due to ship or vessel collisions according to the provisions of the Eurocode standard NF EN 1991-1-7 – Accidental actions.
The text provides an overview of the general principles of sanitation. Historically, the disposal of wastewater and run-off has evolved to prevent flooding and health contamination. Sewage systems can be either combined or separate, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Alternative methods, such as local infiltration of rainwater, have been developed since the 1970s for more sustainable and environmentally-friendly management.Domestic and industrial wastewater must be collected and treated to avoid polluting the natural environment. The first rains after a dry period are often highly polluted, and specific treatment and management techniques are required.
Urban infrastructure management focuses on the construction and maintenance of wastewater and stormwater drainage systems, requiring precise hydraulic and technical designs for different contexts. Different types of network (combined, separate, pseudo-separated) have specific requirements that call for rigorous management.Sustainable development is essential, notably through retention and detour systems such as retention basins and storm overflows to prevent flooding. Faced with the challenges of urbanization and climate change, alternative rainwater management techniques (AWSM) such as permeable surfaces and roof greening reduce the volumes of water to be treated and improve groundwater recharge.
The management of urban wastewater sludge, the by-product of urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs), is of critical importance for the environment and public health. This sludge is made up of organic matter, minerals, micro-organisms and a large proportion of water, and requires specific treatment to stabilise and recover it.The usual techniques include anaerobic digestion, composting, thermophilic aerobic stabilisation, drying and incineration, each of which is adapted to the different characteristics of the sludge and must comply with various regulations. Sludge is rich in nutrients, particularly phosphorus - an essential resource, but one that is limited in time.
This article describes in detail the various intensive urban wastewater treatment technologies, ranging from conventional devices to innovative systems such as Membrane Biological Reactor.The principles, design and sizing rules, advantages and limitations of the various techniques are discussed.
This article describes the various treatment processes for domestic wastewater, known as extensive treatment.After a chapter on the mechanisms involved in these processes, the following wastewater treatment techniques are discussed: Infiltration-percolation Filter planted with vertical flow reeds. Filter planted with horizontal flow reeds. Natural lagooning / waste stabilisation pound Aerated lagooning This is followed by a chapter on tertiary treatment. The following techniques are covered: Disinfection by chlorination, ozonation or ultraviolet radiation Advanced chemical oxidants Dephosphatation by chemical precipitation Advanced filtration: slow filtration and screening Membranes Ion exchange units
After a reminder of the objectives to be achieved by agglomerations in terms of urban wastewater treatment, and a presentation of the methodology for choosing urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTPs) is proposed.The method for calculating wastewater flows is described in detail. Pumping and pre-treatment facilities are described in detail. Rules for dimensioning facilities are given.
A structure is made up of constructive details: it can fail when at least one of the constructive details reaches one of the ultimate limit states.One of these limit states is the fatigue limit state. This state reflects progressive cracking due to repeated loading over a very large number of cycles over time. Once a certain threshold of cracking has been reached, there is a risk of failure.The use of different parts of Eurocode 1 for fatigue loads, and other parts of Eurocode 3 for the actual verification, makes the understanding of the verification process quite complex. The purpose of this article is therefore to gather all the information on this subject.
Roads are to remain for a long time an essential component of the global transportation systems of persons and goods. It is thus essential that road networks provide the best quality of service. The aspects which have to be taken into consideration include making travel more comfortable and reducing the dramatic and extremely costly consequences of road insecurity; Reducing the environmental impact of road infrastructures and road traffic is evidently on the agenda. The choice of appropriate geometrical characteristics is one means in which to meet all of these objectives.
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