Présentation
RÉSUMÉ
Les assemblages à brides boulonnées sont largement utilisés dans les installations industrielles mettant en œuvre des fluides sous pression, notamment dans les secteurs du nucléaire, de la pétrochimie, du forage offshore ou encore de l’industrie navale. Leur rôle est d’assurer simultanément la continuité structurelle du circuit et l’étanchéité de la barrière de pression. La maîtrise de ces assemblages repose sur l’interaction entre trois composants principaux : les brides, le joint d’étanchéité et la boulonnerie. Cet article présente les caractéristiques essentielles de ces composants, leurs fonctions respectives et les principes permettant d’assurer leur compatibilité dans la conception des liaisons étanches. Il introduit également la logique de maîtrise du serrage et la méthode TBSS (Tight Between Seal and Strength). Il constitue le premier volet d’une série consacrée aux assemblages à brides boulonnées.
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Lire l’articleAuteur(s)
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Simon PLANCHE : Head of the Inspection and Regulatory Affairs Department (SIR) - EDF SA, Golfech Nuclear Power Plant, Golfech, France
INTRODUCTION
Bolted flange assemblies are widely used in many demanding industrial sectors, including nuclear facilities, petrochemicals, offshore drilling, and the shipbuilding industry. They are frequently integrated into systems that handle pressurized, high-temperature, cryogenic, or potentially hazardous fluids.
In these environments, a loss of seal integrity in a joint can have significant consequences. Failures can manifest in various forms, ranging from a simple leak to more severe phenomena, such as gasket extrusion, bolt ejection, or flange rupture. Mastering these assemblies is therefore a major industrial challenge, both to ensure the safety of people and the protection of the environment and property, and to guarantee the availability and performance of the facilities.
The operation of a bolted flange joint relies on applying the proper tightening torque to the bolts, which generates sufficient contact pressure on the gasket to ensure the joint is leak-tight. However, such a joint cannot be considered a simple juxtaposition of independent components. The flanges, gasket, and bolts constitute a mechanical system in which the components interact closely. The overall performance of the joint therefore depends on their combined behavior.
With this in mind, this article presents the main components of a bolted flange assembly and describes their essential characteristics. The objective is to provide designers with the necessary information to guide the selection of flanges, gaskets, and fasteners based on operating conditions and the characteristics of the fluid to be contained.
This overview serves as a first step toward understanding the fundamental principles of bolted flange assemblies. Subsequent articles in this series will address the mechanical modeling of these assemblies as well as methods for determining clamping force, particularly using the TBSS (Tight Between Seal and Strength) method.
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Présentation
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5. Metal-to-Metal Contact
The principle of metal-to-metal contact in a leak-tight bolted joint is to limit the crushing of the gasket by introducing direct contact between rigid metal parts. This reduces the mechanical stresses applied to the gasket while maintaining the system’s leak-tightness.
Over the past few decades, the development of leak-tight bolted joints with metal-to-metal contact has been driven by growing industrial demands: extreme vacuums (semiconductor industry), very high pressures (offshore drilling), and severe thermal transients . This configuration aims to limit the mechanical load on the gasket in maintaining the overall seal.
Metal-to-metal contact makes it possible to:
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define a compression limit for the gasket, which protects it from excessive compressive stresses;
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transfer part of the mechanical forces directly to the rigid seating surfaces, limiting the stress on the seal during pressure, temperature, or bending variations;
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ensure a minimum residual seal thickness during service, promoting seal stability.
For metal-to-metal contact to be effective and long-lasting, two conditions must be met:
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the assembly must be designed to allow metal-to-metal contact at the flange surfaces or the seal housing;
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the maintenance of metal-to-metal contact must be ensured during the tightening of the connection under all operating conditions: pressure, temperature, bending, and load cycles.
This second point is still not well addressed by current standards, particularly in design codes for pressure equipment. It generally requires a detailed analysis of the system’s mechanical behavior (finite element calculations or appropriate analytical models) to verify that contact is maintained despite the combined effects of internal pressure, thermal expansion, or misalignment.
5.1 Technologies Enabling Metal-to-Metal Contact
Metal-to-metal contact can be achieved using several technologies:
Metal-to-Metal Contact
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BIBLIOGRAPHIE
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(1) - LAMONS® - Gasket & fastener handbook, a technical guide to gasketing & bolted flanges - . – (2016).
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(2) - LEFRANÇOIS (M.) - Metal-to-metal seals : the innovative route in static sealing - . – (2004).
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(3) - PLANCHE (S.) - Assemblages à brides boulonnées – Modèle et calcul mécanique. - [BM 5 572] (2026).
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(4) - PLANCHE (S.) - Assemblages à brides boulonnées – Méthode TBSS (Tight Between Seal and Strength). - [BM 5 573] (2026).
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(5) - LEJEUNE (H.), OMNES (B.) - Étanchéité en mécanique – Étanchéité aux liaisons statiques. - [BM 5 418] (2023).
NORMES
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Flanges and Their Assemblies – Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings, and accessories designated PN – Part 1: Steel flanges. - NF EN 1092-1 - 2018
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Flanges and their assemblies – Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings, and accessories, designated Class – Part 1: Steel flanges, NPS ½″ to 24″. - NF EN 1759-1 - 2005
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Metal products – Types of inspection documents. - NF EN 10204 - 2005
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Flanges and Their Assemblies – Gasket specifications and test procedures related to design rules for circular flange assemblies with gaskets. - NF EN 13555 - 2014
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Flanges and Their Assemblies – Bolting – Part 1: Selection of bolting. - NF EN 1515-1 - 2000
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Flanges and Their Joints – Bolts – Part 2: Classification of bolting materials for steel flanges, designated PN. - NF EN 1515-2 - 2002
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